Diploma in Pathological Lab Technology 2 Years

Diploma in Pathological Lab Technology 2 Years

Diploma in Pathological Lab Technology 2 Years
Admission Fee Tk 20500/-
Monthly Tuition Fee Tk 3000/-
Semester Exam Fee Tk 2500/-
Total Course Fee Tk 1,02,500/-
Total Subject 18. Total Exam Marks 1800.

Subjects for 2-Year Diploma in Pathological Lab Technology:

1. Human Anatomy and Physiology

2. Pharmacology

3. First Aid and OTC Drugs 

4. Hematology

5. General Pathology 

6. Clinical Pathology-1

7. Practice of Clinical Pathology-1

8. Clinical Pathology-2

9. Practice of Clinical Pathology-2

10. Microbiology & Antimicrobial Drugs 

Clinical Pathology
The HB-TC-DC-ESR blood test is a routine screening that provides a comprehensive overview of your blood's components to assess general health and detect potential issues such as anemia, infection, or inflammation. Hemoglobin (HB) indicates the oxygen-carrying capacity of your red blood cells, while the Total Count (TC) and Differential Count (DC) measure white blood cells to assess their types and numbers. The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) measures how quickly red blood cells settle, providing an indicator of inflammation in the body.
 
What Each Test Measures:
HB (Hemoglobin):
Measures the protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. 
TC (Total Count):
The total number of white blood cells (WBCs) in your blood. 
DC (Differential Count):
The breakdown of the different types of white blood cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils, along with their percentages. 
ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate):
Measures how fast red blood cells fall to the bottom of a test tube, indicating inflammation. 
Why This Test is Done:
General Health Screening: To get a comprehensive overview of blood components and overall well-being. 
Anemia Detection: To identify a deficiency in red blood cells or hemoglobin. 
Infection/Inflammation: To check for signs of infection by elevated white blood cell counts and to monitor for inflammation. 
Disease Monitoring: For the early detection and management of various health issues. 
Factors Affecting Results: 
Age, gender, and pregnancy can influence results.
Dehydration, medications, or recent illness can also alter readings.
What to Do Next: 
Consult Your Doctor: If you receive abnormal results, your doctor can help interpret them and recommend further tests, lifestyle changes, or treatments.

Clinical Pathology: Liver Function Test

A liver function test (LFT) is a blood test that checks for liver damage or disease by measuring the levels of various substances made by the liver, such as enzymes and proteins. It is indicated when symptoms of liver disease, such as jaundice or fatigue, are present or for monitoring certain medications. The procedure involves a simple blood draw from an arm vein, with the sample then sent to a lab for analysis.
 

Description

• A liver function test, or liver panel, is a blood test that uses a blood sample to measure the levels of different enzymes and proteins produced by the liver. 
• These levels provide insights into the liver's overall health and can indicate damage or dysfunction. 

Components of a Liver Function Test

A standard liver panel includes tests for:

• Alanine Transaminase (ALT): and Aspartate Transaminase (AST): Enzymes that are normally found inside liver cells; high levels in the blood can indicate liver cell damage. 
• Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): An enzyme that can be high in cases of liver or bile duct damage. 
• Albumin: A protein produced by the liver. Low levels can indicate a problem with liver function. 
• Total Protein: Measures the total protein in the blood, including albumin and globulins. 
• Bilirubin: A waste product from the breakdown of red blood cells, which the liver processes for excretion. High levels can cause jaundice. 
• Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT): An enzyme that can be elevated with liver or bile duct disease, and also with heavy alcohol consumption. 
• Prothrombin Time (PT): Measures the time it takes for blood to clot, as the liver produces clotting factors. 

Indications

LFTs are recommended to: 

• Monitor liver health in people with excessive alcohol intake, a family history of liver disease, or exposure to hepatitis viruses.
• Screen for potential liver damage due to medications or other drugs.
• Evaluate liver damage when symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes), or abdominal pain are present.
• Monitor the progression or severity of known liver diseases.

Procedure

1. 1. Preparation:

   No specific preparation is usually needed, but your doctor may advise you to avoid certain foods, drinks, or medications before the test. 

2. 2. Blood Collection:

   A healthcare provider cleans a spot on your arm, typically near the elbow, and inserts a small needle into a vein. 

3. 3. Sample Analysis:

   A small amount of blood is collected in a tube and sent to a laboratory for analysis. 

4. 4. Results:

   Results are available within hours to a few days, depending on the laboratory. 

5. 5. Post-Procedure:

   You can usually resume your normal activities after the blood draw, though you may experience temporary soreness at the puncture site. 

Clinical Pathology: Kidney Function Test

Kidney function tests evaluate how well the kidneys filter waste, using blood and urine tests to check levels of waste products like creatinine and urea, and proteins like albumin. They are crucial for detecting kidney issues in people with high blood pressure, diabetes, or kidney disease, and involve a simple blood draw and urine sample collection. The procedure is quick, painless, and generally safe, with results typically available within days, and provides essential information for managing health conditions and preventing kidney damage. 

Description

• Kidney function tests, also known as renal function tests, assess the health and efficiency of the kidneys in filtering waste products from the blood and balancing the body's fluids and minerals. 
• These tests measure levels of various substances, including waste products (creatinine, urea), electrolytes (sodium, potassium), and proteins (albumin). 

Total Tests (Common Components)

A comprehensive kidney function assessment often includes:

• Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Test:

  Measures urea, a waste product from protein breakdown, which the kidneys filter out. 

• Serum Creatinine Test:

  Detects creatinine, a waste product from muscle breakdown that healthy kidneys filter from the blood. 

• Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR):

  A calculated measure of how well the kidneys filter waste; a higher eGFR indicates better function, while a lower number signals reduced function. 

• Urine Tests:

  Checks for substances like albumin (proteinuria) and blood, which shouldn't normally be present in large amounts in healthy urine. 

Indications

Doctors may order kidney function tests for individuals who:

• Have a diagnosed or suspected kidney disease. 
• Have conditions that increase risk, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart disease. 
• Are taking medications known to affect kidney function. 
• Show symptoms of kidney issues, such as fatigue, swelling, changes in urination, or high blood pressure. 

Procedure

1. Preparation: Inform your doctor about all medications and supplements you are taking, as some can affect test results. 
2. Blood Sample: A healthcare provider will draw a small amount of blood from a vein in your arm. 
3. Urine Sample: You will be asked to provide a urine sample for analysis. 
4. Analysis: The blood and urine samples are sent to a lab for testing and analysis. 
5. Results: Results are typically available within a few days and are used to monitor kidney health and guide treatment. 

Urine R/E Test

A Urine R/E (Routine and Microscopic Examination) test, also known as urinalysis, is a comprehensive diagnostic test that analyzes a urine sample for various physical, chemical, and microscopic components. It helps detect a range of conditions, including urinary tract infections, kidney disease, and diabetes. The test typically involves visual, chemical, and microscopic examinations of the urine sample. 

Description:

A urine R/E test is a non-invasive diagnostic tool that provides valuable information about a person's overall health and can help identify potential health issues. 

Total Tests:

A complete urinalysis includes three main components:

• Physical Examination: This involves observing the urine's color, clarity (turbidity), and odor. 
• Chemical Examination: This part uses reagent strips (dipsticks) to test for various chemical components like pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, nitrite, and leukocyte esterase. 
• Microscopic Examination: This involves examining the urine sample under a microscope to identify the presence and types of cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells), casts, crystals, and microorganisms (bacteria, yeast). 

Indications:

Urine R/E tests are commonly used for:

• Routine health check-ups: To screen for potential health issues. 
• Diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs): Detecting bacteria and white blood cells in the urine. 
• Assessing kidney function: Evaluating protein, glucose, and other markers related to kidney health. 
• Detecting diabetes: Identifying glucose and ketones in the urine. 
• Monitoring existing conditions: Tracking the progress of conditions like diabetes and kidney disease. 
• Pre-surgical evaluations: Ensuring patient readiness for surgery. 

Procedure:

1. Sample Collection: A clean-catch mid-stream urine sample is typically collected in a sterile container. 
2. Physical Examination: The urine is visually inspected for color, clarity, and odor. 
3. Chemical Examination: A dipstick is used to analyze various chemical components of the urine. 
4. Microscopic Examination: The urine sample is examined under a microscope to identify cellular elements, casts, crystals, and microorganisms. 
5. Interpretation: The results of all three examinations are analyzed to assess the overall health status and detect any abnormalities. 

Important Considerations:

• Follow any specific instructions provided by your healthcare provider regarding sample collection. 
• Inform your doctor about any medications or supplements you are taking, as they can affect the results. 
• Ensure proper hygiene and sterile collection techniques to avoid contamination. 

Hematology: Definition and Important Topics 

Hematology is the scientific study of blood, blood-forming organs (like the bone marrow), and blood-related disorders, including the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these diseases. Important topics in hematology include benign conditions such as anemias and bleeding disorders like hemophilia, and malignant conditions such as blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma.  

Key Aspects and Topics

• Blood Components:

  Hematology examines the various components of blood, including red blood cells (oxygen carriers), white blood cells (immune function), platelets (clotting), and plasma (the fluid portion). 

• Blood-Forming Organs:

  The field also focuses on the bone marrow, where blood cells are produced, as well as the spleen and lymph nodes. 

• Hemostasis and Thrombosis:

  Hematology covers the study of blood clotting (hemostasis) and the formation of blood clots (thrombosis), which are crucial for stopping bleeding and maintaining vascular health. 

• Benign Hematological Disorders:

  These are non-cancerous conditions affecting blood, such as various types of anemia (e.g., iron-deficiency, sickle cell anemia) and inherited or acquired bleeding disorders. 

• Malignant Hematological Disorders:

  This area focuses on blood cancers, including leukemia (cancer of white blood cells), lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system), and multiple myeloma (cancer of plasma cells). 

• Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches:

  Hematologists use specialized tests, including blood and bone marrow biopsies, to diagnose disorders and develop treatments, which can range from medication to other therapies. 

• Interdisciplinary Nature:

  Hematology draws on other medical fields, integrating knowledge from internal medicine, biology, and other areas to understand and treat complex blood conditions